Five sources of alternative energy

Five sources of alternative energy that you should consider using

Nature is full of surprises. It has given us essential resources with the help of which we have come so far and progressed so much. Though nature has played such a vital role in developing human civilization we have caused environmental pollution through our activities. The use of non-renewable resources for generating power affects nature adversely and increases the rate of pollution. To reduce environmental pollution alternative sources of energy like solar power, tidal power, wind power and bio fuels are being used. There are plenty of other alternative energy resources in the nature surrounding us. If used appropriately these unconventional yet natural energy resources can change the way we live and work. In this article, we have discussed five such unique and unconventional alternative energy sources that can reshape the human civilization.





Saltwater Power:
The blue energy or saltwater power is a newly discovered and unexplored source of energy that can help in the further progress of the human race. It is a renewable energy source. The process through which power can be generated from saline water is called reverse electro dialysis. When water is desalinated a lot of power has to be used but by mixing saline water with fresh water of the estuaries huge amounts of power can be produced.

Helioculture:



The Joule Biotechnologies have invented an amazing new way of producing bio-fuel termed as Helioculture. In this process brackish water, photosynthetic organisms, sunlight, carbon dioxide and various nutrients are used to make fuel. This fuel does not need to be refined. It can be used as soon as it is produced.

Piezoelectricity:
Piezoelectricity is a brilliant way of utilizing the power of our movements. The theory of Piezoelectricity is based on the fact that mechanical stress can be turned into an electric field by some substances. To use this theory in real life the piezoelectric materials can be used for making our shoes or footpath tiles. This way power can be generated without any extra effort.




Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion:
OTEC or Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion is a procedure through which the difference of temperature between upper and lower ocean levels can be used for generating power.

Human Sewage:
Microbial fuel cells can utilize human sewage for generating power. This procedure has been planned after observing the interactions that passes between bacteria.
Summary
The unexplored and unique alternative power sources can have a great impact on our future. They can reduce the rate of global pollution effectively.

Solar powered designs to produce water in deserts

Solar powered designs to produce water in deserts

We can use solar power to produce river in the desert! No, I have not gone crazy. People have dreamt since long to produce potable water in deserts, where it is very scarce. This dream may soon come true.


Project by IBM in Saudi Arabia
IBM in collaboration with King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), are trying to produce large amount of water at affordable price using solar energy. They are planning to combine new water filtering technology with new solar energy technology to desalinate seawater. KACST wants to develop an industry around this new technology, so that large-scale production of desalinated water becomes economically feasible.
The researchers have developed chlorine and fouling resistant polymers for making filters and are using IBM’s microprocessor cooling technology to build up a solar concentrator system. These new technologies are expected to reduce the cost of producing potable water soon.




Metal leaf ‘SunGlacier’
A giant leaf of metal can produce ice in the desert. Well this is the idea of designers, who want to produce ‘SunGlacier’. A brainchild of Dutch artist Ap Verheggen, this artistic idea has already been tested in controlled desert like conditions. Who knows this technology, if developed further can solve the water crisis of this world!

Desert cascades using solar power
Researchers are working to produce a cascading waterfall from water vapours in the atmosphere, especially at places like Abu Dhabi, where humidity is a little high. Though still in conceptual stage, scientists are proposing to produce cube made of solar panel that collects water vapour from the humidity in the atmosphere. Artists, designers and scientists can use this technology for various useful purposes.




Solar Powered ‘Swater’
Designers Chun Yen Tsao and Hsing-Tang Yang use a small basin to collect water and then use solar power to purify this water. This device uses sunlight to heat up the water, which then condenses inside the device. This distilled water is then collected.

Solar Waterpods in Sahara
A former sailor, Alain Thibault has designed a desalination device made with wood, cork, stainless steel and glass. It also uses solar energy to promote evaporation and condensation of water. He has designed this device for the Sahara nomads.

Solar powered battery chargers

Solar powered battery chargers to help reduce grid energy consumption

Over the last decade, the number of electronic gadgets in use across the globe has risen dramatically. With the growth of the personal electronics segment, the demand for electricity is growing at an unprecedented rate. However, since the infrastructure that produces and distributes electricity, called the grid, cannot be upgraded at the same rate at which the demand for the electricity is increasing, alternative methods of electricity generation are being investigated. Since around a third of the electricity produced is lost in transmission. This additional dependence on fossil fuels too can be lessened if more sustainable methods of electricity production like solar power are made more accessible to the public.



Solar Pump Charging Station

The Solar Pump is an innovative concept designed for public spaces by Sol Design Lab. Just like a petrol station allows users to refill their cars when they are running short of fuel, the Solar Pump can serve as a place where people can quickly charge their cellphones, iPads, laptops and other portable electronic gizmos while hanging out in a public spot like a beach. With PV panels installed at the top of the canopy, the pump is able to generate enough electricity to charge a handful of gadgets.
MIT SOFT Rockers

A professor of architecture at MIT Sheila Kennedy has been investigating the use of solar panels embedded in everyday objects and materials, and the MIT SOFT Rockers concept is the culmination of her research work in the field. The basic principle behind the public space seating concept is to make solar panel fitted installations look as aesthetic as possible. A 35 watt solar tracking system combined with an interactive 1.5 axis allows the 12 amp battery to harvest and store electricity when the sun is up. This allows users to simply plug their USB chargers into the electrical outlets installed in the rocker to charge their gadgets at any time of the day.



Solar Dok

One of the more practicable solutions for people looking to go off the grid, the Solar Dok is basically a high tech sunshade with PV panels installed on top. The Dok comes with 110 VAC GFCI power outlets that allow users to power and recharge virtually all of their portable electrical gadgets via a USB Type A port. The Dok offers users a reading of power levels via a charge controller and a digital readout. A low powered, high intensity 700 lumen LED lighting system too has been installed to keep it illuminated at night.
Sunflower inspired battery charger

Designed by industrial designer Brian Borja, the Flower Power Battery Charger draws on the form of a sunflower to ensure that the photovoltaic panels hidden away in its petals receive maximum amount of sunlight during the daytime. The PV panels feed a battery hidden away in the bud, which can be removed when required. When the sun sets, the petals of the Flower Power Battery Charger automatically close until next sunrise to protect the PV panels.
Street Charger




Gotwind’s Street Charger is a wonderful new initiative that seeks to provide solar power for charging of cellphones and other gadgets in remote areas of third world countries. Fashioned like a cart, the installation allows up to 20 cellphones to be charged simultaneously and can supply power for up to 20 hours per charge. Since it takes over 44 hours of sunlight to charge the Street Charger’s battery fully, the cart also comes fitted with two 110 A/h internal batteries that serve as backup power. Using a 60 watt solar panel, this version of the charger operates at 12 volts though they are hoping to improve its efficiency further.
Power Flowers by David Edwards

This 14 foot tall aluminum sunflower sculpture is actually a handy solar power generator created by artist David Edwards. Using a petal powered wind turbine in combination with power harnessed by the solar panels that are embedded within the leaves, the Power Flowers installation stores electricity in batteries, which can be later used to charge phones and other gadgets. It also powers the LED lighting that illuminates the sculpture at night.

Solar Mobile Charging Kiosks

Made using acrylic sheets, metal clamps, steel pipes and sheet metal, the Solar Mobile Charging Kiosks concept by industrial designer Vino Jose, seeks to allow people to charge their cellphones via solar energy while they are out in public. The kiosk has a few dedicated shelves where users can place their cellphones while they charge, which allows many people to use the chargers at the same time.
Wagan Tech previews five panel solar powered generator

Wagan Tech’s portable solar powered generator is a unique and handy device that is intended for outdoor use by campers and off roaders. The fully assembled unit comes with five solar panels that feed a 12 volt battery. Once fully charged, the battery provides 1,500 watts of power for around eight hours.
Powerbrella

Created by SKYShades using the Power Plastic thin film from Konarka Technologies, the Powerbrella, harnesses solar power, which powers your portable devices anywhere. The charger is intended to be used as a fixed or a retractable installation that can be connected to a battery to provide a power supply for laptops, tablets and even cellphones.
Bonsai tree solar powered charger

The ‘solar tree’ designed by Vivien Muller comes with 54 tiny yet powerful PV panels that can collect solar energy and store them in a battery. The design is intended mostly to promote the use of solar energy within households. Since the Solar Tree is relatively small, it can easily be moved around and placed in the sun as and when needed and users don’t need to spend extra cash on having it installed permanently within their living premises. Being portable, the generator can also be taken along by users when they are leaving their homes for a trip.

Five most weird uses of solar power

Solar Powered Fan Hat

You might have often wondered while walking on the burning pitched road on a hot summer day that it would have been really great if you had a hat with a mini fan to make you feel comfortable. Now your dream will come true with this unusual solar powered hat. This hat looks like that of an ordinary golf cap. But the bill has a hole in it through which a mini fan is inserted. A portable solar panel is placed right on top of the hat that sets the fan on movement as it captures the sun rays to the optimum level on a bright, sunny day. A very important thing to mention in this respect is that it has won the Department of WTF award of excellence this week.



Solar powered bee hives

Have you ever thought in your weirdest of dreams that beehives could be solar powered? Yes, this is exactly what is happening at the Oregon Garden, under Mr. Mark Thompson. This incredible attempt of program is to increase the number of worker bees and decrease the number of domestic bees. They have researched and found out that on very hot summer days, when the bee colony gets highly active, some portion of the bees become involved in sitting at the bottom of these beehives and flutter their wings as fans to bring down the temperature of the hive. Consequently, the number of worker bees shrinks affecting the rate of honey production. But, under this program, solar powered coolers are attached to the beehives that are equipped with thermostats. Thus, as the natural temperature reaches the preset temperature in the gadget, the fan starts cooling the hive. Hence, the once domestic bees can now engage themselves in collecting pollens instead of managing the domestic chores of the beehive!



Weird solar-powered concept phone makes calling miserable

In the age of growing consciousness of green environment, cell phones are often held culprits for generating radioactive wastes by means of their dry cells. But, industrial designers, Shao Wei Huang, Chia-Yi Cho, Tu Pei Kuo and Chung Kai Chiang have come up with the concept of eco friendly cell phone. This handset comprises of its own portable solar panel that entraps solar power and juices up the gadget to make a call or texting. But the bottleneck point in this gadget is that everytime you wish to use this handset, you have to identify the component and then attach the green label to get it charged up. Who has the time to do all these?



Solight Collects Sunlight For Your Plants

If gardening is your hobby and the urban lifestyle deprives your plants from getting enough solar energy that is required for photosynthesis, then there is noting to worry about much. Although this is still in the concept stage, but this device, Solight is designed to trap and store sun light throughout the day by means of its internal battery. What you have to do after this is that position the gadget over your plants and ensure that your vegetation are getting right doses of solar energy. Thus, you can enjoy lush and healthy garden even living in an urban area.
Solar movie theater

This Christmas make it a plan to watch a movie in a solar movie theater. This is absolutely not a joke. It is a great achievement of the eco conscious designers, which is currently located in U.K but is sure to hit your country in no time. From the lighting equipments to the projector in this movie hall, all run by solar energy! This is possible due to the presence of a number of solar panels that trap solar energy and store it for powering the different machinery. The inside of the theater looks exactly like a movie hall, thus, you can hardly differentiate it from a conventional movie hall. But one drawback of this theater is that it has accommodations for eight adults only.

Solar Energy Work

How Does Solar Energy Work?

Solar energy as we all know doesn’t need any electric power to work. It actually conserves energy in our homes which is exactly what we need. The word “solar” means something which feeds on the power of the sun to work, and that’s exactly how it works with solar lights. It’s where they get their energy from.
Let’s use an example, the perfect example in this situation would be solar lights, or solar heat systems. Let’s talk about solar lights, solar lights don’t need any plugs or wires to connect to electricity in order them to work like other lights. All they really need is to be put in a place where the sun reaches enough. They need several hours of sunlight to glow brightly at night and make it shine beautifully. In my opinion, they are even better than electric lights. They not only save money but they are also 100% safe to use.
That’s basically it. There are no twists and turns. Solar energy is based 100% on the sun and that’s why it is considered safe to the environment. Unlike many other things we use, it doesn’t cause global warming. It actually prevents it from happening. Unfortunately, not many people see the value of buying solar energy things instead of wasting electricity and our world is at the tip of destruction.

TYPES OF SOLAR

                                    TYPES OF SOLAR

                                     

                      solar panels efficiency

Solar panels efficiency is very important

The majority of the power plants which have been operating not only in the USA but also around the globe currently use no-renewable energy such as fossil fuels because it is power source and solar panels efficiency. Using such energy source may be present since guy learned how to make power from Planet’s resources.
However, as it is often a non-renewable energy resource, there will appear a time that fossil fuel resources will run out particularly every year the particular demand for power is increasing variably. Thus, it can result to massive power lack. Operations of different industrial sectors such as production, production, business, and others will be impacted.
Just think of an atmosphere with no electrical power at all. It is just like living back with a primitive era.
The good news is, energy sectors with its specialists together with the govt are finding additional means of strength production using replenish able sources.
For instance, places with high h2o falls are testing on building a hydro-electric energy plant, which happens to be successful. Other spots with high blowing
wind speed make use of a energy wind mills which could convert wind power into electricity. Thermal and tidal forces are good options.
One of the practical sources of electricity that is popular in the United States may be the solar panels efficiency, or energy derived from the sunshine of the sunlight. What makes it a new practical alternative is that every place on earth can be reached by simply sunlight. In addition, it seems to be limitless—the sun’s remaining expected life is estimated being 4.5 thousand years.

Rate involving Energy from the Sun, solar panels efficiency

The rate at which the sun’s radiation gets to a certain device of area inside space in the region of the particular Earth’s orbit is estimated to be at 1,400 w per square meter. Out of this, electricity cells (also known as pv cells) can seize 19 to 56 watts per rectangular meter (for 15% efficiency) or an equivalent of forty five to 1.35 kilowatt per hour (kWh) in an annual day and night typical.
Therefore, if there would be additional area that will be covered by several solar panels efficiency, these kind of panels can develop slightly more power in the form of electrical power than what happens to be available from acrylic, gas, and other options for energy combined (if 8% photo voltaic cell efficiency).

The conversion process of solar panels efficiency

There’s two ways of alteration of solar panels efficiency. First is the immediate solar energy which involves only one alteration into a usable form.
For instance:

•    Sunlight hits the pv cell, converting it into electricity.
•    Sunlight hits the absorber surface of a solar thermal collector, switching into thermal power which can be used to temperature homes during chilly season.
The second is your indirect solar panels efficiency , involving more than one transformation to reach a new usable form. As an illustration:
•    Plants use photosynthesis to transform solar panel technology to chemical energy, which can be burnt later as energy to generate energy (also known as biography-fuel engineering).
•    Hydroelectric dams as well as wind turbines are indirectly supplied by solar panels efficiency through its conversation with the Earth’s atmosphere.
Ins and Outs of Solar technology
Just like every other types of electricity resources, solar energy have their own ins and outs.
Ins:
•    Pollution-free of charge.
•    Solar facilities can be run with small extra input or even maintenance.
•    It is abundant. As mentioned previous, most of the inhabited areas here on Earth can be reached simply by sunlight.
Outs:
•    Although it is numerous, non-warm locations can get little sunlight. Thus, power that will be produced in these locations is actually minimum.
•    Not available during night time.
•    Photovoltaic cell technologies produce direct current (DC) power which must be converted to alternating current (AC) power used in distribution grids.
As soon as massive development of the usage of solar energy will be materialized, expect that all household or business in the world will now be powered simply by solar energy.
It isn’t just a aspiration, it will be a new dream come true, it is important that solar panels efficiency, is as good as can be.

MAKE SOLAR AT HOME

MAKE SOLAR AT HOME

 

Solar Panel

What is Solar Panel?

A solar panel (also solar module, photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel) is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each panel is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 450 watts. The efficiency of a panel determines the area of a panel given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 watt panel will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt panel.
Because a single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of power, most installations contain multiple panels. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.

Background of Solar Panel

Photovoltaic solar cells are thin silicon disks that convert sunlight into electricity. These disks act as energy sources for a wide variety of uses, including: calculators and other small devices; telecommunications; rooftop panels on individual houses; and for lighting, pumping, and medical refrigeration for villages in developing countries. Solar cells in the form of large arrays are used to power satellites and, in rare cases, to provide electricity for power plants.
When research into electricity began and simple batteries were being made and studied, research into solar electricity followed amazingly quickly. As early as 1839, Antoine-Cesar Becquerel exposed a chemical battery to the sun to see it produce voltage. This first conversion of sunlight to electricity was one percent efficient. That is, one percent of the incoming sunlight was converted into electricity. Willoughby Smith in 1873 discovered that selenium was sensitive to light; in 1877 Adams and Day noted that selenium, when exposed to light, produced an electrical current. Charles Fritts, in the 1880s, also used gold-coated selenium to make the first solar cell, again only one percent efficient. Nevertheless, Fritts considered his cells to be revolutionary. He envisioned free solar energy to be a means of decentralization, predicting that solar cells would replace power plants with individually powered residences.
With Albert Einstein’s explanation in 1905 of the photoelectric effect—metal absorbs energy from light and will retain that energy until too much light hits it—hope soared anew that solar electricity at higher efficiencies would become feasible. Little progress was made, however, until research into diodes and transistors yielded the knowledge necessary for Bell scientists Gordon Pearson, Darryl Chapin, and Cal Fuller to produce a silicon solar cell of four percent efficiency in 1954.
Further work brought the cell’s efficiency up to 15 percent. Solar cells were first used in the rural and isolated city of Americus, Georgia as a power source for a telephone relay system, where it was used successfully for many years.
A type of solar cell to fully meet domestic energy needs has not as yet been developed, but solar cells have become successful in providing energy for artificial satellites. Fuel systems and regular batteries were too heavy in a program where every ounce mattered. Solar cells provide more energy per ounce of weight than all other conventional energy sources, and they are cost-effective.

Only a few large scale photovoltaic power systems have been set up. Most efforts lean toward providing solar cell technology to remote places that have no other means of sophisticated power. About 50 megawatts are installed each year, yet solar cells provide only about. 1 percent of all electricity now being produced. Supporters of solar energy claim that the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface each year could easily provide all our energy needs several times over, yet solar cells have a long way to go before they fulfill Charles Fritts’s dream of free, fully accessible solar electricity.

How do solar panels work?

Learn how solar panels convert sunlight into electricity

Solar panels collect solar radiation from the sun and actively convert that energy to electricity. Solar panels are comprised of several individual solar cells. These solar cells function similarly to large semiconductors and utilize a large-area p-n junction diode. When the solar cells are exposed to sunlight, the p-n junction diodes convert the energy from sunlight into usable electrical energy. The energy generated from photons striking the surface of the solar panel allows electrons to be knocked out of their orbits and released, and electric fields in the solar cells pull these free electrons in a directional current, from which metal contacts in the solar cell can generate electricity. The more solar cells in a solar panel and the higher the quality of the solar cells, the more total electrical output the solar panel can produce. The conversion of sunlight to usable electrical energy has been dubbed the Photovoltaic Effect.
The photovoltaic effect arises from the properties of the p-n junction diode, as such there are no moving parts in a solar panel.

Solar Insolation and Solar Panel Efficiency

Solar Insolation is a measure of how much solar radiation a given solar panel or surface receives. The greater the insolation, the more solar energy can be converted to electricity by the solar panel. Click to learn more about solar insolation.
Other factors that affect the output of solar panels are weather conditions, shade caused by obstructions to direct sunlight, and the angle and position at which the solar panel is installed. Solar panels function the best when placed in direct sunlight, away from obstructions that might cast shade, and in areas with high regional solar insolation ratings.
Solar panel efficiency can be optimized by using dynamic mounts that follow the position of the sun in the sky and rotate the solar panel to get the maximum amount of direct exposure during the day as possible. For more information on solar panel efficiency through the use of mounts, see our section on solar panel mounts and accessories.

Each Parts of Solar Power System And Their Function

In this article, I will go through each component of a solar power system, explain what it does and how it fits into the system as a whole.  Each component does a specific job, though you don’t need every component in every solar project. The typical solar power system generates electricity, stores the electricity in batteries for later use and then converts the DC electricity from the battery to the same type of AC electricity that comes out of the wall sockets in your house.       Solar Panels – The solar panels are what actually generate electricity from the sun. Photons from sunlight strike the panel, knocking loose electrons from a layer of silicon. These electrons are then directed through wire and become electricity. A solar panel is actually made up of many solar cells, each of which usually generates about 0.5 volt. It is relatively cheap and easy to build your own solar panels and generate your own free electricity! This  guide shows you everything you need to know.       Charge Controller – This device takes the electricity produced by the solar panels and charges the batteries. It must make sure that the voltage sent to the batteries is not too high or too low. It also makes sure the batteries don’t overcharge by gradually lowering the power sent to the batteries as they get close to full charge. When the batteries are fully charged, it will “top off” the batteries every once in a while to make sure they stay fully charged.          Batteries – Most solar systems use standard 12 volt batteries like you find in your car. Sealed lead acid are the most common type. They are cheap, easy to find, safe and rugged. The only downside is they are heavy. Sometimes you can find surplus batteries from things like computer backup supplies very cheap or even free! This guide can show you how.         Power Inverter – This device takes the 12v DC power from the batteries and converts it to 120v AC power to be used in appliances. There are 2 types: Modified Sine Wave and True Sine Wave. True Sine Wave is the better of the two types as it exactly replicates the electricity that comes out of the wall sockets in your house. It is more expensive than MSW, but it is worth it in the long run.         Now, let’s put it all together. The solar panels are usually mounted on the roof of your house. Wires connect the solar panels together and deliver the electricity to the charge controller. The charge controller regulates the power coming from the solar panels to charge the batteries. The batteries store energy all day while the sun is shining. When electricity is needed for some appliance like a computer or TV or lights, the power inverter takes the electricity that has been stored in the batteries, converts the voltage up to standard 120v and changes the DC electricity to AC and delivers the standard electricity you’re used to getting out of the sockets in your house to the appliance. A system like this can be big enough to power your whole house, or small enough to power just a single appliance.

Type of Solar Cells

Solar cells are usually made from silicon, the same material used for transistors and integrated circuits. The silicon is treated or “doped” so that when light strikes it electrons are released, so generating an electric current. There are three basic types of solar cell. Mono crystalline cells are cut from a silicon ingot grown from a single large crystal of silicon whilst polycrystalline cells are cut from an ingot made up of many smaller crystals. The third type is the amorphous or thin-film solar cell.

Amorphous Solar Cells

Amorphous technology is most often seen in small solar panels, such as those in calculators or garden lamps, although amorphous panels are increasingly used in larger applications. They are made by depositing a thin film of silicon onto a sheet of another material such as steel. The panel is formed as one piece and the individual cells are not as visible as in other types.
The efficiency of amorphous solar panels is not as high as those made from individual solar cells, although this has improved over recent years to the point where they can be seen as a practical alternative to panels made with crystalline cells. Their great advantage lies in their relatively low cost per Watt of power generated. This can be offset, however, by their lower power density; more panels are needed for the same power output and therefore more space is taken up.

Crystalline Solar Cells

Crystalline solar cells are wired in series to produce solar panels. As each cell produces a voltage of between 0.5 and 0.6 Volts, 36 cells are needed to produce an open-circuit voltage of about 20 Volts. This is sufficient to charge a 12 Volt battery under most conditions.
Although the theoretical efficiency of mono crystalline cells is slightly higher than that of polycrystalline cells, there is little practical difference in performance. Crystalline cells generally have a longer lifetime than the amorphous variety.

Flexible Solar Panels

Solar Tracker – Sun Tracker

Solar Tracker
Solar or Sun tracker is used to change direction of solar panel. Solar tracker automatically changes direction of panels to where sun shines is highest. Solar tracker is recommended for higher installations. Because without solar tracker solar panels just stands on one direction and sun light changes directions and does not shine 100% on panels. Solar trackers are expensive due to assembly and mountings included with it.

Complete Connection of Solar Panel

2nd Diagram of Solar Panel Connection

Circuit Diagram

Components needed for making Solar Panel of 100 Watts.

(1) Solar Cell
(2) Tabbing Wire (It is used to connect solar cells with each other).
(3) Bus Wire (It is used to connect ends of tabbing wire,its width is greater than tabbing wire)
(4) Silicon Tube (It is used to paste(support) solar cells with mirror)
(5) Silicon Gun (optional,because we can use any nail of iron(kili) means pachcus type thing is  to used push upward silicon tube)
(6) Kavia (Solder)
(7) Kali (Solder Wire)
(8) Baroza (Flux)
(9) 48 by 48 inch Glass (Mirror) or wood sheet
(10) Samad (Gell)
(11) Frame of almonium or wood
(12) Four Diodes

Some Important Points

Each solar cell has 0.5 volt and 1 amps to 8 amps.
Solar Cell price is 150 t0 225 Rupees.
Some solar companies sell their solar cells in watts,they give us  per watt 27 RS to 65 Rupees.
Each Diode is 5 AM and 16 volts to 40 volts.
Solar cell has two side, one side is blue is negative and other white is positive.
Negative side will keep toward sun.
Solar panel is water proof.
At night time, if we will switch yellow blub on solar panel, then solar panel will work at night but its efficiency will be low.
We will join solar cells in series. It mean negative to positive.
36 solar cells required for 100 watts solar panel.
Solar panel of 100 watts is producing 6 to 9 amp and 12 volt dc.
Price of 20 Watts DC Fan of 18 Inch is 1000 to 2100 rupees.
No need of charger controller if you are using solar plates of 10 Watts to 50 Watts.
Local Dc Fan of 16 inch 2 amps whose price is 1000 rupees it covers three to four beds.recommended
One important thing is that local 6 inch to  18 inch fan are very cheap price in market but they takes 6 amps to 10 amps it means
their prices are low but they take very much current.suppose 12 inch local dc fan’s price is 700 RS it takes 10 amps,it means it takes(12 volts*10 amps) 120 watts,it covers four to five beds but I do not recommended this fan because 56 inch ceiling AC fan takes only 80 watts,it means 56 inch AC fan is better than 12volt,10 amps dc fan.So at time of purchasing,check amps of DC fan.
One dc fan runs on 1 AMP, it means nine dc fans can run on solar panel of 100 watts at day time without battery.
Solar cell is made up of Silicone.
Solar cell works through Gama Rays of Sun.
If you have acid battery of 200 amps, it means 20 dc fans can run 10 hours.
One dc fan 3200 RPM,it means it has high speed.
In market, ceiling (roof) and pedestal fans are available.
Purpose of diode is blocking flow of current battery to solar at night time.
If we don’t use diode then current flows back battery to solar panel, all solar cells will be damaged. If you connect small battery 100 amp then you will use charger controller between solar panel and battery, because charger controller does two works, one block back flow of current battery to solar panel and 2nd work of charger controller is when battery will be full then charger disconnect solar panel to battery automatically, otherwise battery will be over charge and will be damaged. I will recommend that you will add battery of 200 amps so that we will no need of charger controller because battery will not be full at day time; we only add diode of 5 rupees instead of charger controller which is 800 to 2500 rupees.
One dc light is 2 rupees to 5000 rupees.
If we want to AC fans and lights then we will have to add inverter of 500 watts.
Approximately, at 60,000 rupees we will run our water pump, our refrigerator, our fans and lights at day and night, we will no need of wapda’ electricity.
If we want air conditioner and fans ,light and water pump then approximately cost will be 100,000 rupee, and we will be need of heavy inverter and charger controller.
Suppose we can run apparatus of 1000 AC watts, how large solar panel, battery and inverter required.
As we know battery and solar panel have 12 dc volts.
As we know solar panel has 9 amps and full large battery has 200 amps.
We have total (9+200) 109 amps and 12 volts. As we know Power=volts*amps ,it means, we have
109*12=1308 watts
So we will run apparatus of 1000 watts one hour and some minutes.
We have need of inverter of 1200 watts to run a apparatus of 1000 watts.
If we have solar panel of 9 amps and battery 200 amps, battery will be full in 22 hours approximately (200/9=22 hours).

Solar-powering a House

Solar-powering a House   Just as flowers are best aimed      toward the beaming sun, so too are solar panels.

Solar-powering a House

Wh­at would you have to do to power your house with solar energy? Although it's not as simple as just slapping some modules on your roof, it's not extremely difficult to do, either.
First of all, not every roof has the correct orientation or angle of inclination to take full advantage of the sun's energy. Non-tracking PV systems in the Northern Hemisphere should ideally point toward true south, although orientations that face in more easterly and westerly directions can work too, albeit by sacrificing varying degrees of efficiency. Solar panels should also be inclined at an angle as close to the area's latitude as possible to absorb the maximum amount of energy year-round. A different orientation and/or inclination could be used if you want to maximize energy production for the morning or afternoon, and/or the summer or winter. Of course, the modules should never be shaded by nearby trees or buildings, no matter the time of day or the time of year. In a PV module, if even just one of its cells is shaded, power production can be significantly reduced.
If you have a house with an unshaded, southward-facing roof, you need to decide what size system you need. This is complicated by the facts that your electricity production depends on the weather, which is never completely predictable, and that your electricity demand will also vary. Luckily, these hurdles are fairly easy to clear. Meteorological data gives average monthly sunlight levels for different geographical areas. This takes into account rainfall and cloudy days, as well as altitude, humidity and other more subtle factors. You should design for the worst month, so that you'll have enough electricity year-round. With that data and your average household demand (your utility bill conveniently lets you know how much energy you use every month), there are simple methods you can use to determine just how many PV modules you'll need. You'll also need to decide on a system voltage, which you can control by deciding how many modules to wire in series.
You may have already guessed a couple of problems that we'll have to solve. First, what do we do when the sun isn't shining?